Clutch facing



l. J. NOVAK CLUTCH FACING March 21, 1939.

Filed Feb. 24, 1956 jfez for.' @dal A: wlsatented Mar. 21, 1939 f I UNITED sTATEs- PATENT OFFICE CLUTCH FACING Izadorl. Novak, Bridgeport,onn., assigner to Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., a corporation of New Jersey Application February 24, 1936, Serial No. 65,363

' 3 claims. (o1. 19e-107)l This invention relates to improvements in anreferred to as a cycle, and in order that succeednular friction facings of the endless type and a ing cycles are not in phase, the wave length, method of manufacturing the same, and refers measured in terms of pins on either arc, is sespecically to a friction facing which is possessed lected with respect to the total number of pins 4 of extremely high strength and resistance to cenor 5, so that the waves of the succeeding cycle 5 trifugal forces which tend to cause bursting, and will either'lead or lag the Waves of the preceding a. relatively simple and economical method of cycle, preferably by the spacing of one pin from making such facings. the' nextadjacent pin upon the same circle. In

The'utility, objects and advantages of my inthis manner a progressive orretrogressive wave ventionwill be apparent from the accompanying winding will be obtained which falls into phase 10 drawing and following detailed description. after a number of cycles equal to the number of In the drawing, Fig. 1 is a face view of a windpins constituting a wave length, -assuming a proing form suitable for carrying out my invention, gression or retrogression of one pinper cycle. a constituent layer of a friction facing being It can readily be seen that in this manner an wound thereon. endless annular body 6 may be built up compris- 15 Fig. 2 is a fragmentary face view of a coming relatively loosely meshed asbestos yarn. 'I'he pletely wound facing before the same is comthickness of the body will depend upon the numpressed. ber of cycles woundand the number of times the Fig. 3 is a fragmentary edge view of the facing wavesare brought into phase, each repetition of shown in Fig. 2. v bringing the waves in phase, in the case of one 20 Fig. 4 is a fragmentary edge view of a nished pin progression or retrogression, adds a layer 1 facing after' compression and cure. to the body 6.

Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 1 illustrating The asbestos yarn l is treated, prior to winda slightly modied method of winding the facing. ing, with a con'ventional binder for friction fac- Fig. 6 is a fragmentary top plan view of a 'ings including phenol resins, drying oils, asphalt, 25-

partially completed modied form of facing. rubber vand in general any of the well known Fig. 7 is a fragmentary top plan view of a oxidizable oils or hardenable saturants or combipartially completed modied form of facing. nations thereof used in friction facings. After Fig. 8 is a fragmentary top plan view of a facing the body 6 is formed it may be pressed in a hot which has been stitched. mold to set the binder, cured and -sanded to de- 30 The product of my invention comprises an sired thickness as indicated by the finished facing annular friction facing, particularly adaptable shown at 8 in Fig. 4. It is desirable that the for use as an automobile clutch facing, which is binder be of such a nature that when the body 6 composed essentially of asbestos yarn I, with or is compressed in a mold the Whole mass will without a metal wirev core- 2, wound in the form cohere and be capable of easy removal and han- 35 of continuous superimposed waves of predeterdling vfor further hardening of the binder if mined amplitude and wavelength. necessary.

To describe the method of winding said facing, The waves must beso laid upony the form that reference Will 110W be made t0 Fig. 1 of the the body 6 will be sufficiently dense to form after 40 drawing wherein the reference numeral 3 indicompression a relatively dense body of desired 40 cates a ilat annular ring o r disc which constitutes strength. 'I'he density of the body 6, in turn, the form upon which the friction facing is wound. can be controlled by selecting the proper number 'I'he ring 3 carries a plurality of pins or pegs ar-v of pins 4 and 5 upon which the yarn is wound ranged in two concentric circles, pins 4 comprlsand also by properly relating the Wave length, in

ing the pins of the outer circle and pins 5 comterms of pins, to the total number of pins on 45 prising the pins of the inner circle. 'Ihe number each Of the Circles. of pins 4 is equal to the number of pins 5, the pins The radial and circumferential or circular 4 and 5 being individually in radial alignment. strength of the finished facing may be controlled In winding the facing, the yarn I is alternately by Varying the included angle 9 0f the WaVQS,

looped around pins 4 and pins 5 in the form of which angle may vary from 30 to 150. It can 50 a wave which repeats itself around the circumreadilybe seen that by decreasing the included ference of the form, the pins 4 comprising the angle 9 or decreasing the wave length with renodes of the waves and the 'pins 5 comprising the spect to the mean diameter of the facing, the anti-nodes. 'I'his travel of the wave around the radial strength of the.44 resulting facing will be circumference of the form Vwill hereinafter be increased and by increasing the angle 9 the cir- 5 5.v

cumferential or circular'strengthwill be increased, inasmuohastheyarnintheflrstcaseislaid lengthwise more closely adjacent the radius and, in the latter case, is laid more closely adjacent the circumference of the facing. It can also beseenthattheouterandinneredgesofthe body t comprise the nodes and anti-nodes of the wave winding and, hence, loose ends will not protrude from either edge of the body 8 or finished facing l, p

It is to'be understood that other manners of windingthe-yarnmaybesuggestedhereinto those skilled in the art and, hence, I do not wish to be limited to the precise embodiment chosen for the illustration of my invention. My invention broadly contemplates the winding of asbestos yarn in wave form in a more or less continuous manner upon an annular form, the waves being so spaced that when the mass of laid yarn is compressed the result is a relatively dense, illled-in structure.

Referring particularly to Fig. 5, a slightly modified manner of carryingout my invention is illustrated,inwhich'llisanannularringordisc which carries upon its face a plurality of pins I I, i2 and I3 arranged in three concentric circles,

- being the pins of respectively the outer, inner and Vao intermediate circles. In this case the number of pins Ii.is equal to the sum of the -pins i2 and i3, the arrangement being such that a predetermined number of uniformly spaced pins areremoved from the inner circle and that a like number comprise the intermediate circle and are uniformly spaced from each other. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 5, every fourth pin i! is removed from the inner circle and appears VasapinI3intheintermedi'atecircle.

Inwinding theyarnuponthe form III the same procedure is followed as described in conjunction with form I. However, when the cycle arrives wherein the yarn is to be looped over the removed pins l2,saidyarnisinsteadloopedaroundthe correspondingpin Il. .Inthis manners cycle' of waves of amplitude less than full width are formed.

Ofcourse,the arrangementcanbesuch that l fabricating of the body l, the waves in this case mayberepeatedsothattheygointoandout ofphaseanumberoftimes'tobuildupadesired bodythickness.

Itwillbe observed that whenall ofthe waves comprising the facing body have an amplitude equal to the radial width of the body, the densiiw of the facing, that is, the amount of yarn adjacent the inner edge oftheringisgreaterthan' that adjacent the outer edge thereof. In other words,afacingbodyhavingapr08reS8ivelyde-.

creasing density from inner to outer edge is constructed. In some instances such construction is' Vunsuitable for predetermined uses which demand l in 111e description of Fig. 5 may be utilised wherein all of the nodes appear at the outer edge of the facing but only a predetermined percentage of anti-nodes appear at the inner edge, the remaining anti-node appearing outside the mean diameter of the facing or outsidethe circle of mean density. Of course, by suitably positioning the pins and suitably proportioning their number in various positions, substantially any local density may be obtained.

It is to be understood that the yarn may be impregnated with substantially any conventional l type binder and, if desired, llers may be incor, porated. Moreover, yarns impitgnated with the may be impregnated with binders which, although imparting indifferent fncuonsi characteristics are characterized by imparting great strength to the structure. A

Referring particularly to Fig; 6, another modification is illustrated of a facing body of substantially waveform. By "wave as used in this connection is meant the delineation or definition of a ligure which is periodically repeated.

.The form 12 isl providedwith a series of pins 13, 1I and 15 which are disposed in circular arrangement, the pins 13 comprising the outermost circle, the pins 1l comprising the intermediate circle, and the pins 15 comprising the innermost circle. An annular plate 16 provided with a series of apertur corresponding in number and position to the pins 13, 1l and 15, is adapted to be positioned upon thev form 12, saidv pins passing through the apertures.

around a pin 13, a pin 14, a pin 15, another pin 14, and the next adjacent pin 13.so asvto form a progressively advancing diamond-shaped ilgure as clearly shown in Fig. 6. One layerv of the facing body may be constructed upon the completion of one revolution of the form 12 and said operation may be repeated whereby additional layers may be added until the facing body is built up to the required thickness. When the desired thickness has been vbuilt up the facing body comprising a series of helical layers of progressively advancing diamonds may be removed from the form 12.

Referring particularly to Fig. 7, a slightlyv modified form of-wa-ve winding and apparatus for winding the same is illustrated. To wind the facing'bodyin the form shown in Fig. '1 an annular disc 11 carries three concentric circles of comprising the intermediate circle and pins 80 comprising the outer circle. The yarn` 8| is wound in sequence around pin 18, pin 19, pin 8,0, another pin 19 and another pin 18: thus com,- pleting a wave form which may be referred to as a Gothic wave. In winding this' wave substantiaily the same procedure hereinbefore described is followed, that is, each cycle causes the wave to fall out ofphase and a predetermined Inuibex' of pins,'pins 18 comprising the inner circle, pins 19 cycles causes the wave to fall in step". Thus a facing body may be built which when compressedhas a substantially uniform density throughout its radial width, due to the fact that the wave shape tends to apply proportionately more yarn thewindingoperationor.ifdesired,ma.yfollww7` the Winding operation. In addition, the stitches may travel circumferentially, radially or at substantially any other angle. It is to be understood, of course, that stitching of facing bodies comprising all forms of windings is contemplated. When stitching the body simultaneously with the Winding operation, the stitching assists in holding the respective layers together While further Winding takes place. Of course, a lock stitch (not shown) may be used to bind the edges of the body which would give the body greater strength and would contribute to ease of handling.

It can readily be seen that in carrying out the process of my invention a facing body may be built up comprising a series of progressing or retrogressing Waves or geometric shapes defined4 20 pressed and cured, can be utilized as a friction facing which is a substantially solid body and is provided with no interstices or voids.

I claim as my invention:

1. A friction facing which comprises a. compressed and cured annular ring which includes essentially asbestos yarn wound in an angular design which repeats itself throughout a helicoidal path.

2. A clutch facing comprising a bonded asbestos yarn structure formed of a compressed helix, each turn of the helix comprising a plurality of angular portions lying in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the ring.

3. A bonded clutch facing structure comprising a compressed uniformly distributed mass of yarn in Wave form, the included angle of the waves being from 30 to 150 in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the facing.

IZADOR J. NOVAK. 

